What is Easter Sunday? History and Meaning

Easter Sunday is an important event in the Christian liturgical calendar, symbolizing the foundation of faith, encapsulating the central message of Christianity:  the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. In this article, LotusBuddhas will delve into the historical, religious and cultural aspects of Easter Sunday, providing you with a comprehensive understanding of its deep meaning and enduring traditions.

When is Easter Sunday 2024?

Easter Sunday, a significant celebration in the Christian calendar, represents the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead. Determining its date is not as straightforward as other fixed-date holidays, as it depends on the lunar calendar and varies each year.

In 2024, according to the Gregorian calendar, Easter Sunday will be observed on March 31. The Gregorian calendar, introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582, is the most widely used civil calendar today.  It was devised to bring the date of the spring equinox closer to March 31, thus affecting the calculation of Easter.

However, many Eastern Orthodox churches do not use the Gregorian calendar for their religious observances. Instead, they follow the older Julian calendar for determining the date of Easter. The Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BCE,  has a difference in the leap year system, causing it to drift apart from the solar year over time. Due to this difference, Easter observance can vary between the Western churches (Roman Catholic, Protestant) and the Eastern Orthodox churches.

In 2024, Eastern Orthodox churches that adhere to the Julian calendar will observe Easter on a different date than their Western counterparts. The Julian calendar date for Eastern Orthodox Easter in 2024 is April 23. However, when this date is converted to the Gregorian calendar, it corresponds to Sunday, May 5.

The History of Easter Sunday

The roots of Easter lie in the New Testament of the Bible. The Gospels – narratives written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John – provide accounts of Jesus’ crucifixion, burial, and subsequent resurrection. According to these texts, Jesus was crucified on a Friday (now known as Good Friday) and rose from the dead on the third day, which is Sunday (Easter Sunday). This event, central to Christian theology, signifies Jesus’ victory over death and sin.

The precise origins of the term “Easter” are not definitively known. While some assert that the English word derives from Eostre or Ostara, a pagan Germanic goddess of spring and fertility, others contend that it comes from the Old High German word “eostarun,” meaning “dawn” and “east.” However,  we have to know that in most languages, the name for this holiday derives from the Hebrew word “Pesach,” signifying Passover. This connection underscores the close relationship between the Jewish festival of Passover and the Christian celebration of Easter. Both observances converge thematically on themes of liberation, renewal and rebirth.

Biblical scholar and Anglican bishop, N.T. Wright: “Jesus’s resurrection is the beginning of God’s new project not to snatch people away from earth to heaven but to colonize earth with the life of heaven.”

Determining the date of Easter has been a complex process, historically laden with theological and astronomical considerations. The First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE sought to unify the date, establishing that Easter would be celebrated on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the spring equinox.  This method ties Easter to the Jewish festival of Passover, given that Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection events coincided with this festival. However, discrepancies between lunar and solar calendar calculations have led to variations in the date of Easter between Western (Roman Catholic and Protestant) and Eastern Orthodox Christian traditions.

Centuries of Christian art and literature have depicted the events of Jesus’ resurrection, enriching the cultural significance of Easter. Over time, various local and cultural customs have become associated with its celebration. For instance, the use of eggs, symbolizing new life, predates Christianity but was seamlessly integrated into Easter traditions, representing the tomb from which Jesus emerged.

The commercialization of Easter in more recent centuries, particularly in Western countries, has introduced elements like the Easter Bunny, chocolate eggs, and other festivities. While these might seem removed from the religious origins, they resonate with the broader themes of rebirth and renewal intrinsic to spring celebrations.

Meaning of Easter Sunday

Easter Sunday stands as a paramount event in the Christian liturgical calendar, representing the pinnacle of Christian theology and belief. This holiday commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ, marking his emergence from the tomb three days subsequent to his crucifixion.

This event is not merely a historical claim, but rather the fulfillment of ancient prophecies, particularly as outlined in Isaiah 53, which foretold the persecution of the Messiah, his subsequent death for the sins of humanity, and his eventual resurrection.

The prelude to Easter, Lent, is a 40-day period of fasting, self-reflection, and repentance. Initiated by Ash Wednesday, Lent culminates on Good Friday, a solemn remembrance of Jesus’ crucifixion. This 40-day duration draws its significance from various biblical episodes, including the time Israelites spent wandering in the wilderness, Moses’ sojourn on Mount Sinai, Elijah’s journey, and notably, Jesus’ own period of trial in the desert. The establishment of this period by Pope Gregory I further underscores the importance of these biblical precedents.

Cardinal and Archbishop of Westminster, Basil Hume: “The great gift of Easter is hope – Christian hope which makes us have that confidence in God, in his ultimate triumph, and in his goodness and love, which nothing can shake.”

The resurrection of Jesus Christ is not merely an isolated incident in Christian belief. It is intricately connected to foundational Christian doctrines and is the linchpin of Christian hope.  The Old Testament, regarded by Christians as the sacred precursor to the events of the New Testament, contains myriad prophecies, delivered hundreds to even thousands of years before the actual events, predicting the resurrection. Hence, the resurrection is not viewed as a mere event but is perceived as the veritable culmination of divine promises made throughout the annals of biblical history.

Easter’s etymology, originating from the Old English term indicating a “spring festival,” harmoniously aligns with the theme of renewal and rebirth inherent in the resurrection narrative. Traditionally,  Christians observe Easter through church services, gift exchanges and festive meals. Yet, beyond these customs, Easter offers an avenue for profound spiritual reflection, particularly on themes of love, redemption, forgiveness, and the transcendent power of hope even amidst the gravest adversities.

Joanne Clancy: “Easter is a time of reflection and joy. When we emerge from our cocoon of doubt to fly freely on the wings of faith.”

Central to the Christian faith is the belief in the resurrection. St. Paul, in 1 Corinthians 15:13-15, emphasized the foundational importance of the resurrection for Christian belief, asserting that if the resurrection had not transpired, the Christian faith would be in vain and its preaching rendered futile.

This passage starkly illustrates the pivotal role the resurrection plays in Christianity’s theological framework. Without the veracity of the resurrection, Christianity risks being grounded in misplaced faith, rendering the sacrifices of countless martyrs moot. However, the resurrection’s affirmation offers Christians not just a historical event to remember but provides an enduring foundation for their faith, hope and belief in eternal life.

How do Christians celebrate Easter Sunday?

As LotusBuddhas shared above, Easter Sunday holds paramount significance for Christians, commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This observance is the culmination of the Lenten season, a period of 40 days of penance, fasting and prayer. The ways in which Christians celebrate Easter Sunday encompass a wide range of religious rituals, communal gatherings and personal acts of devotion.

1. Church Services: Central to the Easter celebration are church services. These services, often more elaborate than regular Sunday services, feature readings from the Gospels detailing the resurrection story, hymns, and a sermon. The liturgical color is typically white, symbolizing purity and joy.
2. Easter Vigil:  Held on the evening of Holy Saturday, the Easter Vigil marks the beginning of Easter. It’s a profound service that starts with the lighting of the Paschal candle, symbolizing Jesus as the light of the world. The vigil includes several Bible readings, tracing the narrative of salvation from Creation to Resurrection.
3. Eucharistic Celebration: Communion or the Eucharist holds special importance on Easter Sunday, remembering the Last Supper Jesus had with his disciples. Consuming the bread and wine symbolizes the body and blood of Christ.
4. Baptisms and Confirmations: Easter is a traditional time for baptisms and confirmations in many Christian denominations. New members are often initiated into the faith community, symbolizing their new life in Christ.
5. Music and Singing: Special hymns and songs, like “Christ the Lord is Risen Today” and the “Hallelujah Chorus” from Handel’s Messiah, are sung. Music is an integral component, reflecting the joyous nature of the day.
6. Easter Decorations: Churches and homes are adorned with flowers, especially lilies, which are seen as symbols of purity and resurrection. The empty cross, draped in white or decorated with flowers, stands as a powerful symbol of the risen Christ.
7. Easter Meals: After the solemn period of Lent, Easter Sunday is often marked by a special meal with family and friends. Traditional dishes vary by region but may include lamb, ham and special breads.
8. Egg-related Traditions: Eggs, representing new life, play a significant role. They are often dyed, painted, and sometimes exchanged as gifts. In some traditions, they’re hidden for children to find, symbolizing the discovery of Jesus’ empty tomb.
9. Dress: Many choose to wear new or special clothing for Easter services. The notion of wearing new clothes signifies the new life Christians receive through the resurrection.
10. Acts of Charity:  Resonating with the theme of renewal, Easter is also a time when many Christians engage in acts of charity, helping the less fortunate, echoing Jesus’ teachings on compassion and love.

Celebrating Easter Sunday for Christians is not just an event but also a profound spiritual journey. It interweaves the core tenets of the Christian faith with traditions that have developed over millennia. This day is a powerful testament to the enduring faith of millions in the resurrection and the hope it represents.

Easter Symbols

There are many symbols that appear during the Easter season. These symbols, rooted in Christian theology, ancient pagan traditions and cultural practices,  carry many layers of meaning that help to better understand and celebrate Easter’s profound message of faith about hope, renewal and eternal life.

The Cross: At the heart of Easter and Christian symbology is the cross. It represents Jesus’ crucifixion, death, and ultimate resurrection. Often during Easter, the cross is adorned with flowers or draped in white cloth to signify the joy of the resurrection.

The Empty Tomb: This symbol signifies the core of the Easter message: that Jesus rose from the dead. It is a powerful representation of victory over death and the promise of eternal life.

Eggs: Universally associated with Easter, eggs symbolize new life and rebirth. The act of breaking open an egg mirrors the emergence of Jesus from the tomb. Over time, the tradition of painting and dyeing eggs has become a widespread custom.

Lamb: The lamb, often depicted in Christian art with a banner, is a symbol of Jesus, referred to in the scriptures as the “Lamb of God.” It embodies sacrifice and redemption.

The Paschal Candle: Lit during the Easter Vigil, this candle represents the risen Christ as the light of the world. It burns in churches throughout the Easter season, emphasizing Jesus’ presence.

Lilies: Especially the white Madonna lily, are popular Easter flowers. Their white color signifies purity and virtue, and their trumpet-like shape symbolizes life and resurrection.

The Butterfly: Representing transformation and new life, the butterfly’s metamorphosis from caterpillar to winged creature echoes the journey from death to resurrection.

Palm Branches: While more closely associated with Palm Sunday, which marks the beginning of Holy Week, palms denote victory and are often used to decorate churches during the Easter season.

The Fish: An early Christian symbol, the fish (often depicted as the “Ichthys”) represents Jesus and the community of believers. Its association with the post-resurrection appearance of Jesus to his disciples by the Sea of Galilee makes it relevant during Easter.

Chalice and Bread:  Reminders of the Last Supper, these symbols emphasize the Eucharistic celebrations during Easter, where Christians partake in the body and blood of Christ.

The Easter Bunny and Chocolate: While not originating from Christian symbolism, the Easter bunny, often depicted delivering chocolate eggs, draws from pagan traditions celebrating spring and fertility. Over time, these have been incorporated into mainstream Easter celebrations, particularly in Western cultures.

Some Easter Sunday traditions around the world

Easter Sunday is celebrated with diverse traditions in many different cultures and countries. These practices often rich in symbolism, reflect the fusion of Christian theology with local customs, rituals and even pre-Christian traditions.

1. Egg-related customs: Universally associated with Easter, eggs symbolize rebirth and the resurrection. The act of painting or dyeing eggs, known as “Pysanka” in Ukraine, is an ancient tradition where intricate designs and patterns are drawn. In the United Kingdom, egg rolling competitions, where eggs are rolled down a hill, are popular, symbolizing the rolling away of the stone from Jesus’ tomb.
2. Easter Fires: In parts of Germany and the Netherlands, large bonfires called “Easter Fires” are lit on Easter Sunday or the night before. Initially a pagan tradition, these fires are now symbolic of Jesus’ light shining in the world after the resurrection.
3. “Scoppio del Carro” (Explosion of the Cart): In Florence, Italy, a historic event dating back over 350 years involves a cart packed with fireworks being ignited to ensure a good harvest. This spectacle in the heart of the city attracts large crowds every year.
4. “Semana Santa” processions: In Spain and many Latin American countries, the Holy Week (“Semana Santa”) leading up to Easter witnesses grand processions. Participants, dressed in traditional robes and hoods, carry statues depicting scenes from the Passion of Christ.
5. Water-throwing: In Poland, “Śmigus-Dyngus,” or “Wet Monday,” is celebrated the day after Easter Sunday. Traditionally, boys playfully splash water on girls, though it’s common for anyone to get drenched nowadays.
6. Lamb-shaped cakes: In several European countries, cakes or bread shaped like a lamb are traditional Easter fare, symbolizing Jesus as the “Lamb of God.”
7. Flying kites: In Bermuda, a unique tradition involves flying kites on Good Friday and Easter Sunday. This practice symbolizes the ascension of Jesus into heaven.
8. “Judas burning”: In parts of Greece, an effigy of Judas is burned on a stake, marking his betrayal of Jesus.
9. Church services and vigils: While church attendance is a widespread practice on Easter Sunday, the nature of the service varies. For instance,  the Easter Vigil, held on the night of Holy Saturday leading into Easter Sunday in Roman Catholic and some Protestant churches, is a profound and solemn event marking Jesus’ resurrection.
10. Dancing: In several parts of the world, dances mark Easter celebrations. For example, in the town of Ermioni, Greece, a traditional dance known as “Daplas” is performed around the town square.

As you can see, although Easter Sunday has its roots in the Christian commemoration of Jesus’ resurrection, it still reflects a global tapestry of traditions. These customs, varying in origin and expression, highlight the diverse ways in which societies interpret and celebrate important religious events.

Martin Luther: “Our Lord has written the promise of the resurrection, not in books alone, but in every leaf in springtime.”

Easter Sunday is a day of joy at the resurrection of Jesus Christ, the central figure of the faith. From solemn church services to joyful gatherings with loved ones, from the profound symbolism of the cross to the simplicity of painted eggs, Easter includes many experience and emotions. Easter Sunday carries a message of hope, renewal and the promise of eternal life. It transcends cultural and regional boundaries, uniting Christians worldwide in their common faith and celebration.

Reference:

• The True Meaning of Easter: https://www.christianity.com/wiki/holidays/true-meaning-of-easter-why-is-it-celebrated.html