What is Qigong? History, Principles and Benefits

What is Qigong?

Qigong, alternatively spelled as chi kung, is a multifaceted system of coordinated body-posture and movement, breathing, and meditation used for various purposes, including health maintenance, healing and increasing vitality. Its origins trace back to ancient China, and it is integral to several Asian philosophy and healing systems, including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Buddhism and Taoism.

Qigong practice typically involves rhythmic breathing coordinated with slow, stylized repetition of fluid movements, and a calm, mindful state.  This practice is designed to guide and balance the flow of what the Chinese term “Qi” or “Chi” (loosely translated as “life energy”) throughout the body.

There are numerous styles of Qigong, reflecting the broad diversity of practices. These styles can be generally divided into two categories: “martial” or “medical.” Martial Qigong, typically incorporated into martial arts training, focuses on enhancing physical strength, agility, and resilience. On the other hand, Medical Qigong focuses on promoting health and well-being, treating specific health conditions, and increasing lifespan.

In terms of health, Qigong operates on the fundamental premise of TCM, the concept of Qi. According to this view, health and wellness are the product of harmonious Qi flow in the body, while disease or discomfort are considered results of Qi blockages or imbalances. By guiding Qi through specific pathways, or “meridians,” Qigong practitioners aim to optimize the body’s inherent healing capabilities.

Over the past few decades, Qigong has become a subject of interest for Western medical and scientific communities. While robust, high-quality research on Qigong is still limited, some studies have suggested benefits for stress management, blood pressure regulation, and improvements in chronic conditions such as fibromyalgia and Parkinson’s disease.

History of Qigong

The origins of Qigong can be traced back several millennia to ancient China. Its development was closely linked to the three pillars of traditional Chinese society: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, which deeply influenced the philosophy and practice of Qigong.

Early forms of Qigong, known as “Dao Yin,” first appeared in the historical record around the 5th century BCE. “Dao Yin,” literally “guiding and stretching,” was an early system of physical exercises involving guided breathing, movement, and meditation. It was considered a form of preventative and curative healthcare.

The conceptualization of Qi and its significance in health and disease arose from the philosophical and medical discourses in ancient China. The earliest reference to Qi can be found in the “Huangdi Neijing,” or the “Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor,” a seminal text in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) dating back to the 2nd century BCE. This text elaborates on the concept of Qi, its functions, and its critical role in maintaining health and vitality.

The term “Qigong” itself, however, did not come into common usage until the mid-20th century. Throughout most of its history, the practices we now collectively refer to as “Qigong” were known by various other names such as “Xing Qi” (Circulating Qi), “Dao Yin” (Guiding and Stretching), and “Yang Sheng” (Nurturing Life).

During the Chinese cultural revolution (1966–1976), Qigong and other traditional practices faced suppression. However,  in the late 70s and early 80s, there was a revival of Qigong, now unified under its present name. During this period, Qigong was standardized and popularized, with various schools and forms emerging, each with its unique set of practices and philosophies.

With the opening up of China in the late 20th century, Qigong began to gain recognition and popularity in the West. Its techniques, combined with elements of movement, breathing, and mindfulness, aligned with the growing interest in holistic and mind-body practices in Western societies.

In recent decades, there has been an increasing interest in the potential health benefits of Qigong, leading to scientific investigations in the field. While initial results suggest potential benefits, the complexity and diversity of Qigong practices, coupled with methodological limitations in studying such practices, mean that more rigorous and comprehensive studies are required to firmly establish Qigong’s therapeutic value.

The principles of Qigong

Qigong is guided by several foundational principles that reflect its roots in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Taoist philosophy, and Buddhist meditative traditions. These principles provide a framework for understanding and practicing Qigong.

1. Qi and its circulation: At the heart of Qigong lies the concept of Qi, often translated as “life energy.” Qi is believed to flow throughout the body via specific pathways called meridians. According to TCM, a balanced and free-flowing Qi is essential for health and vitality. Many Qigong practices focus on guiding and regulating the flow of Qi.
2. Mindfulness and concentration: Qigong requires a conscious focus on the body’s movements, breath, and the flow of Qi. This mindful attention, coupled with the meditative elements of Qigong, is considered crucial in achieving the desired state of harmony and balance.
3. Harmony and balance: Rooted in Taoist philosophy, Qigong embodies the principle of Yin and Yang, the two opposing yet complementary forces. The idea is to balance these forces within the body. An imbalance is believed to disrupt the flow of Qi and lead to disease or discomfort.
4. Integration of body, breath, and mind: Qigong is an integrative practice that unites physical postures and movements (body), regulated breathing (breath),  and focused intent or mindfulness (mind). The coordinated functioning of these three aspects is considered vital for effective Qigong practice.
5. Gentleness and ease: Qigong exercises are typically characterized by their gentleness and fluidity. There is an emphasis on ease and relaxation rather than exertion or force. This principle reflects the Taoist concept of “Wu Wei,” or “effortless action.”
6. Regularity and consistency: Regular and consistent practice is crucial in Qigong. The benefits of Qigong are believed to accrue over time, requiring sustained practice.
7. Self-Healing and preventative care: Qigong is fundamentally a practice aimed at maintaining health and preventing disease. It is believed that by cultivating Qi, one can enhance the body’s self-healing capacities, thereby preventing illness and promoting longevity.

These principles provide a holistic framework for understanding and practicing Qigong, one that encompasses physical, mental and spiritual dimensions of health. However, as with any traditional practice, the interpretation and application of these principles can vary among different schools and forms of Qigong.

Types of Qigong

Qigong is an umbrella term that encompasses a wide range of practices. These practices vary in terms of their movements, focus, purpose, and philosophical underpinnings.  Despite this diversity, Qigong practices can be generally classified into five main categories:

1. Health Qigong: Health Qigong is perhaps the most widely practiced form. It focuses on maintaining health, promoting vitality, and preventing disease. Practices under Health Qigong often involve slow, gentle movements synchronized with deep, regulated breathing and mental focus. These exercises aim to regulate the flow of Qi, balance Yin and Yang, and harmonize body, mind, and spirit. Popular forms of Health Qigong include the Eight Pieces of Brocade (Ba Duan Jin), Five Animal Frolics (Wu Qin Xi), and Six Healing Sounds (Liu Zi Jue).
2. Medical Qigong: Medical Qigong involves therapeutic practices that aim to treat specific health conditions or restore health after illness. These practices can be self-performed or administered by a trained practitioner. Medical Qigong incorporates various methods, including postures, movements, breathing techniques, and mental focus, to guide and regulate the flow of Qi in the body. It is often used as a complementary therapy alongside other treatments in TCM.
3. Martial Qigong: As the name suggests, Martial Qigong is practiced with a focus on enhancing strength, agility, and resilience for martial arts. Practices under Martial Qigong often involve more vigorous and dynamic movements compared to Health or Medical Qigong. A famous example of Martial Qigong is the Iron Shirt Qigong, which aims to enhance physical toughness and resistance to injury.
4. Spiritual Qigong: Spiritual Qigong focuses on meditation and mindfulness to cultivate spiritual growth, self-awareness, and enlightenment. These practices draw heavily from Buddhist and Taoist spiritual traditions. Movements in Spiritual Qigong can vary, but there is often a strong emphasis on stillness, tranquility, and inner focus.
5. Intellectual Qigong: Intellectual Qigong focuses on enhancing mental capacities such as focus, memory, and creativity. Practices under Intellectual Qigong often involve meditative techniques to calm the mind, focus attention, and harness the power of the mind.

Many forms of Qigong draw from multiple categories and aim to integrate health, martial, spiritual and intellectual benefits.  The choice of Qigong practice depends on your goals, needs, and preferences. It is also recommended to learn Qigong under the guidance of an experienced teacher to ensure correct technique and maximize the benefits of the practice.

Some popular Qigong movements

Qigong encompasses a wide range of movements, each designed to regulate the flow of life energy in the body. Here are descriptions of some of the popular movements found in various forms of Qigong:

1. Lifting The Sky: This is a classic Qigong exercise common in many forms. The practitioner stands with feet shoulder-width apart, raises both hands overhead with palms facing up, and imagines “lifting the sky.” Then, they lower their hands on both sides while exhaling. This movement is known to facilitate Qi flow through the body.
2. Pushing Mountains: The practitioner stands with feet apart, hands extended forward with palms facing each other as if pushing an imaginary mountain. This movement involves a strong visualization component and is intended to promote the circulation of Qi.
3. Bird Flapping its Wings: Standing with feet shoulder-width apart, the practitioner extends their arms out to the sides and moves them up and down in a gentle flapping motion, like a bird. This is believed to improve Qi flow in the arms and upper body.
4. The Crane Stands on One Leg: This movement, often found in the Five Animal Frolics (Wu Qin Xi) form, involves balancing on one leg while the other leg is raised and the arms are extended to the sides. It is said to enhance balance, concentration, and the flow of Qi.
5. Turning the Wheel: In this movement, the practitioner makes large, circular motions with their arms, as if turning a giant wheel. This is thought to promote Qi flow in the body and the limbs.
6. Playing with Waves: This movement involves swaying the body from side to side and moving the arms as if playing with waves. It is said to facilitate the flow of Qi and create a calming effect.

These are just a few examples of the numerous Qigong movements. The specific movements involved in a Qigong practice can vary widely based on the form or style of Qigong. Each movement is designed with specific goals in mind, such as guiding Qi through certain pathways, balancing Yin and Yang, or focusing the mind.

How to start practicing Qigong

Starting a Qigong practice involves a few key steps, which, when followed diligently, can enable a novice to embark on this ancient path of health and wellness.

1. Research and understand Qigong: The first step towards practicing Qigong is understanding what it involves. Qigong is not just a series of physical exercises; it is a holistic system that integrates body postures, movement, breathing, and meditation. Understanding its principles, benefits, and the commitment required can help set realistic expectations.
2. Choose a Qigong style: As noted earlier, there are several styles of Qigong, each with its unique focus and techniques. Some styles might emphasize health maintenance, some might focus on martial arts, and others on spiritual growth. Identifying your primary objective will guide you towards a style that suits your needs.
3. Find a qualified instructor: Qigong, especially for beginners, is best learned under the guidance of a qualified instructor.  A good teacher can correct your form, guide your practice, and answer your questions. Consider attending a class or workshop, or seek one-on-one instruction. Online classes may be an option if local resources are unavailable.
4. Start with basic movements: As a beginner, start with simple exercises to familiarize yourself with the basic elements of Qigong, including body movements, breath control, and mental focus. Examples of beginner-friendly exercises include “Lifting the Sky” and “Pushing Mountains.”
5. Establish a regular practice: Consistency is key in Qigong. Try to establish a routine that allows you to practice Qigong daily. Even short sessions of 15 to 20 minutes can be beneficial. Regular practice helps cultivate and circulate Qi, the life energy, effectively throughout your body.
6. Focus on breath, movement, and mind: In Qigong, breath, movement, and mental focus are interconnected. Pay attention to your breathing, synchronize it with your movements, and maintain a mindful focus on your body and Qi flow. This integrative approach is crucial to the practice of Qigong.
7. Patience and perseverance: Qigong is a practice where the benefits accrue over time. Initial progress might seem slow, but with regular practice, you will likely notice improvements in your health, stress levels, and overall well-being.
8. Consult a healthcare professional: If you have any health issues or concerns, consult with a healthcare professional before starting a Qigong practice. While Qigong can be a part of a comprehensive health program, it should not replace conventional care for serious or chronic health conditions.

LotusBuddhas please note that Qigong is more than an exercise regimen; it’s a lifelong journey of self-care and self-discovery. By incorporating Qigong into your daily life, you may find that it not only enhances your physical health but also brings about a sense of mental tranquility and balance.

The health benefits of Qigong

Qigong has been practiced for centuries in China for its various health benefits. In recent decades, scientific research has begun to provide evidence for the health benefits traditionally associated with regular Qigong practice.

1. Improved cardiovascular health: Regular Qigong practice has been associated with beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, including lower blood pressure, improved heart rate variability, and enhanced circulatory function. These effects may be linked to Qigong’s stress-reducing and relaxation effects.
2. Enhanced respiratory function: The deep, regulated breathing involved in Qigong can strengthen the respiratory system. Research suggests that Qigong may be beneficial for conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.
3. Stress reduction and improved mental health: Qigong’s meditative and mindful elements can help reduce stress and promote mental tranquility.  Studies have indicated that regular Qigong practice can improve symptoms of anxiety and depression, enhance mood, and improve overall mental well-being.
4. Improved physical function and balance: Qigong exercises involve slow, controlled movements that can enhance flexibility, strength, and balance. This may be particularly beneficial for older adults, contributing to improved mobility and a reduced risk of falls.
5. Chronic pain management: Some research suggests that Qigong may be beneficial in managing chronic pain conditions, including fibromyalgia and arthritis. Qigong’s gentle movements can help maintain joint flexibility and muscle strength without exacerbating pain or inflammation.
6. Improved immune function: Preliminary studies suggest that Qigong may have a positive impact on immune function. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and understand the underlying mechanisms.
7. Enhanced quality of life: Through its combined physical and mental health benefits, Qigong can enhance overall quality of life. This can be especially beneficial for individuals dealing with chronic illnesses or those in recovery.

While Qigong can contribute to overall health and well-being, it should not be used as a substitute for conventional medical care, especially for serious or chronic conditions. As with any form of exercise or mind-body practice, it’s essential to learn Qigong from a qualified instructor and to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any health concerns.

Also, while there is growing evidence for the health benefits of Qigong, many of the mechanisms behind these benefits are not fully understood, and further research is needed to provide more conclusive evidence. The practice of Qigong is multifaceted, involving physical, psychological and possibly bioenergetic elements that are not fully captured by conventional biomedical research methods.

Some misconceptions about Qigong

Like any ancient practice, Qigong is surrounded by various misconceptions that can mislead individuals about its nature, benefits, and practice. To eliminate this, LotusBuddhas would like to introduce a few common misconceptions and explain clearly about qigong for your understanding:

Misconception: Qigong is just physical exercise: While Qigong does involve physical movements, it is far more than just a form of exercise. Qigong is a holistic practice integrating body postures, movements, breathing techniques, and mental focus. Its goal is not merely physical fitness but the harmonization of body, mind, and spirit.

Misconception: Qigong is a religious practice: Qigong has roots in Chinese philosophy, including Taoism and Buddhism, and some forms may include spiritual elements. However, Qigong itself is not a religion. It is a health-enhancing practice that individuals of any, or no, religious background can engage in.

Misconception: Qigong can replace medical treatment: While Qigong can be a powerful adjunctive therapy for various health conditions and has been shown to improve general health and well-being, it should not be used as a substitute for conventional medical treatment, particularly for serious or chronic health conditions.

Misconception: Qigong results in immediate changes: Some people may expect immediate results from practicing Qigong, but it’s important to understand that Qigong is a practice that emphasizes gradual, long-term improvements. Benefits accrue over time, and regular, consistent practice is key.

Misconception: All Qigong is the same: There are thousands of different Qigong forms, each with its unique sets of movements, focuses, and benefits. Health Qigong, Martial Qigong, Spiritual Qigong, and Medical Qigong all serve different purposes. A form that suits one person’s needs and goals may not suit another’s.

Misconception: Qigong is easy and can be learned from a book or video: While Qigong’s movements may appear simple, the practice involves subtleties in body alignment, breath control, and mental focus that may not be adequately conveyed through a book or video. While these resources can be helpful, learning from a qualified instructor is usually the most effective and safest way to learn Qigong.

How does Qigong differ from Tai Chi?

Qigong and Tai Chi, both of which have roots in ancient Chinese traditions, share several commonalities, such as the focus on cultivating, circulating and harmonizing Qi.  Both involve sequences of movements coordinated with breath and mental focus. However, they also exhibit fundamental differences in their origins, goals and techniques.

1. Origins and purpose: Qigong is a broad term encompassing a wide range of practices aimed at cultivating and managing Qi. Its origins are in health preservation, divination, and spiritual cultivation, with different practices emphasizing different goals. Qigong forms can be simple or complex, with an emphasis on internal energy cultivation.Tai Chi, or Tai Chi Chuan, on the other hand, is a martial art. It is one of the internal Chinese martial arts, known for its slow, flowing movements. While Tai Chi also cultivates and harmonizes Qi, and can be practiced for health purposes, its movements and sequences (forms) also have martial applications.
2. Techniques and complexity: The movements in Qigong tend to be simpler and more repetitive than those in Tai Chi. A Qigong form might consist of a single movement repeated multiple times. In contrast, a Tai Chi form is a sequence of many different movements, often mirroring combat techniques, performed in a specific order. The sequencing and the variety of movements in Tai Chi make it generally more complex to learn than Qigong.
3. Philosophy and practice: Both Qigong and Tai Chi incorporate principles from Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese philosophy, such as the concept of Yin and Yang and the meridian system. However, Tai Chi often emphasizes principles from martial arts philosophy, such as understanding and responding to external forces (‘listening energy’) and redirecting or neutralizing an opponent’s force (‘neutralizing energy’).
4. Physical benefits: While both Qigong and Tai Chi can provide numerous health benefits, including improved balance, stress reduction, and enhanced cardiovascular health, the martial nature of Tai Chi can lead to additional physical benefits. The complex movements of Tai Chi often engage the entire body, providing a more comprehensive physical workout than most Qigong forms.

In summary,  choosing between Qigong and Tai Chi may depend on an individual’s personal goals, such as whether they prefer a simpler or more complex practice, or whether they are interested in the martial aspects of Tai Chi. As with any mind-body practice, LotusBuddhas recommend to learn from a qualified instructor to ensure correct technique and safety.